Central and peripheral optical quality after FS-LASIK, SMILE, and phakic ICL implantation for moderate to high myopia.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and debilitating psychiatric condition that poses a significant global public health burden. Despite extensive research and a range of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic options, treatment efficacy remains limited; more than half of patients fail to achieve full remission with currently available therapies [–]. This limited efficacy underscores the need to better understand the neural mechanisms underlying MDD, particularly those contributing to individual variability in vulnerability and response to environmental stressors. Chronic social stress, particularly paradigms like chronic social defeat stress (cSDS), stands out as one of the most potent environmental risk factors precipitating depressive symptoms, as demonstrated in both human epidemiological data and well - established animal models of depression [–]. Stress-related mood disorders -including MDD - are among the most common psychiatric diagnoses and are often marked by persistent negative affect, social withdrawal, and impaired reward processing. Animal models have played a pivotal role in elucidating the biological underpinnings of stress-induced mood disorders. In particular, the rodent model of cSDS has emerged as one of the most robust and translationally relevant paradigms for modeling key features of human depression, such as anhedonia, social avoidance, and cognitive inflexibility [–]. Importantly, not all animals exposed to cSDS develop maladaptive behaviors. Similar to variability observed in human populations, a subset of mice subjected to cSDS exhibit depression-like behaviors (‘susceptible’), while others maintain normal behavior and are considered ‘resilient’ [, ]. These divergent outcomes suggest the presence of distinct neurobiological mechanisms underlying susceptibility versus resilience to stress. However, the circuit-level substrates that mediate this behavioral heterogeneity remain incompletely understood.