Exploring students' emotional experiences and responses to AI tutors and their limitations in higher education: a Self-Determination Theory (SDT) perspective.

Estimates put the increase in the global average projected temperature between 2.4 and 4.8 °C by the end of the 21st century, with a predicted increase in average global land precipitation of 0.9–12.9%. These changes are expected to put pressure on industrial production, threaten population health, and induce human mobility. While most mobility is expected to occur within national borders, there is empirical evidence of both climate-related internal and international migration. Developing countries face disproportionate displacement risks due to their climate-sensitive agricultural systems and rural livelihoods. According to one estimate, climatic risks can displace 143 million people in the Global South by 2050. As agricultural households face increasingly frequent and intense climatic shocks, migration remains a key adaptation strategy. A growing body of evidence links climate variability to migration patterns. One explanation for this response draws on the New Economics of Labor Migration (NELM), which views migration as part of a household-level strategy to diversify risks in contexts where formal insurance and credit markets are weak or absent. In this framework, households respond to stress by sending migrants away and relying on remittances to stabilize their livelihoods and to minimize risk. However, this strategy depends on the feasibility and effectiveness of the risk diversification mechanism. As climate-related risks become more frequent and severe, migration can become prohibitively costly, and risk-diversification through migration may fail, which in turn may push households to adopt more permanent or reactive forms of mobility. Moves that were temporary may become permanent; migrants who moved alone may seek to bring their families to the host country. This paper seeks to understand the relationship between climatic stress and family reunification, which serves as a significant marker of permanent settlement at the destination. Much of the existing literature focuses on the relationship between climatic variability and migration incidence or timing, yet largely overlooks what happens to the household as a whole, with only a few exceptions. Such research conceptualizes migration as a household risk-management strategy, focusing on whether migration occurs rather than on how families reorganize when it does. In contrast, this study focuses on a distinct process that unfolds after pioneer migration begins: the ways in which climatic shocks shape decisions about family reunification. Subsequent reunification marks a different stage of household adaptation: consolidation at the destination signals a shift toward more settlement-oriented household organization.