Assessment of prevalence, perceptions, and factors associated with reported history of caesarean section among women in the United Arab Emirates: a cross-sectional study.

Psychological entitlement is a component of narcissism and is the expression of the belief that one should achieve gains regardless of whether one deserves them []. Individuals high in psychological entitlement expect special treatment in an egocentric way, believe that they are exempt from everyday social demands, and want events to begin, continue, and end as they wish. These individuals aim to obtain resources that they do not deserve, even at the expense of others, and act in pursuit of this goal []. They hold self-image-focused goals [] and tend to act hostilely and aggressively to protect and increase their self-image [, ]. Karim [] found that psychological entitlement is positively associated with Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy. Psychological entitlement, which is positively correlated with such adverse outcomes at the individual level, may also emerge at the national level and requires in-depth analysis, especially in social and cultural contexts. Accordingly, in this study, the concept of psychological entitlement was examined at the national level. For this purpose, in the present study, the Psychological Entitlement Scale developed by Campbell et al. [] was adapted to the national level, and the mediating role of the psychological sense of global community (PSGC) in the relationship between social dominance orientation (SDO) and national entitlement was tested, controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic level. The Social Dominance Theory [] provides a critical theoretical framework for understanding the origins of social structures and inequalities between groups. The theory focuses on the causes of social hierarchies, emphasizing that people tend to form group-based systems of dominance. According to the theory, age and gender groups and hierarchies between them are present across all societies. Similarly, arbitrary systems of social hierarchy emerge in social contexts where sustainable economic surpluses exist, and these hierarchies not only determine social status but also shape ideologies and behaviours that reinforce the perpetuation of inequality [, ]. For example, the theory reveals how inequality between genders operates as part of broader systems of dominance. According to Social Dominance Theory, men generally have more economic and social power, and men tend to keep women in a lower status to maintain their advantageous position []. In addition, men exhibit higher levels of social dominance orientation than women, which further reinforces the continuity of the hierarchy between genders []. Although group-based oppression has many consequences, the Social Dominance Theory suggests that SDO largely affects the attitude toward the outgroup. SDO is defined as the desire of individuals to maintain inequalities between groups and their tendency to endorse and support such inequalities [, ]. SDO predicts ideologies that cause negative intergroup attitudes, such as sexism and racism []. Individuals high in SDO perceive group-based disparities as legitimate and natural, and prefer hierarchical social structures over egalitarian social structures []. For this reason, they tend to support hierarchy-enhancing legitimizing myths (e.g., sexism, nationalism) rather than hierarchy-attenuating myths (e.g., social democracy, egalitarianism, human rights). In addition, these people believe that the social groups they belong to are inherently superior to others [, ]. Pratto et al. [] revealed that SDO was significantly and positively correlated with patriotism, nationalism, chauvinism, and cultural elitism, reflecting an attitudinal bias in favour of the national ingroup. Similarly, subsequent studies have also indicated that SDO is positively correlated with ethnocentrism [], racism [, ], nationalism [], patriotism [–], and national entitlement [].