The association between cognitive flexibility and creativity across childhood and adolescence: a scoping review.

Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder in the United States, impacting ~10% of the population (). Multiple clinical practice guidelines recommend Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) as the first line of insomnia treatment (; ; ; ). CBT-I demonstrates efficacy in reducing insomnia across populations (; ), with both the behavioral and cognitive components of therapy contributing to symptom improvement (). The Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep (DBAS) (; ) is widely used to help researchers and clinicians identify thoughts that may perpetuate symptoms of insomnia. It consistently differentiates adults with and without insomnia, is sensitive to change over time, and tends to demonstrate good internal reliability (; ; ; ; ). However, two ongoing issues with the DBAS limit its usefulness. First, recent versions of the scale do not address common beliefs that substances like alcohol and cannabis will help with sleep, despite the prevalence () and potential impact of these substances on sleep (; ). Second, studies to date have not systematically evaluated the content validity of the items. Cognitive interviewing is ideal for evaluating content validity, as it allows participants from the target population to provide consultation on the scale and items (; ; ). This study used a mixed-methods approach to improve the assessment of dysfunctional sleep beliefs among adults. In Study 1, we evaluated the 16-item Dysfunctional Beliefs about Sleep (DBAS) items () and new proposed items (see ) via cognitive interviewing. Based on recent research indicating limited psychometric advantage of response scales beyond six options (), we also evaluated the utility of an alternate response scale. In Study 2, we evaluated the revised scale’s psychometric properties. Study 2 hypotheses were pre-registered ().