Preflavour and postflavour ban oral nicotine pouches: a chemical, sensory and young adult appeal analysis.

Digital gaming has evolved into one of the world’s largest entertainment industries. Recent market reports estimate that the global games market generates on the order of $10 billion in annual revenue and reaches billions of players worldwide [, ]. In parallel, esports has matured into a mainstream digital spectacle, supported by professional leagues, streaming platforms, and large-scale live events [, ]. Within this ecosystem, Multiplayer Online Battle Arena (MOBA) titles such as , , and mobile MOBA variants represent a core competitive genre characterized by intense teamwork, rapid feedback loops, and highly skill-dependent outcomes. For MOBA developers and publishers, sustaining an active player base is strategically crucial. MOBA games are typically operated as live-service platforms in which long-term engagement supports balanced matchmaking, stable communities, and ongoing monetization. Consequently, understanding the psychological drivers of player retention, commonly operationalized as continuance intention, is both theoretically and practically important. Continuance intention has long been treated as a key post-adoption outcome in information systems research and is widely used to explain repeated usage in digital services []. To foster engagement and long-term participation, contemporary games increasingly rely on gameful design features that structure goals, deliver performance information, and make progress salient. In the broader literature, is commonly defined as the use of game design elements in non-game contexts [, ] and, more generally, as a service-oriented design approach that creates gameful experiences by supporting user value creation [–]. Empirical syntheses further suggest that gamification can positively affect motivation and engagement, although its effects depend on which design elements are implemented and for whom [].