Initial psychometric evaluation of the Korean version of the Canine Brief Pain Inventory for canine osteoarthritis.

In 2017, the global prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was estimated to be 9.1%, affecting approximately 700 million people, making CKD one of the most significant global public health issues today By 2040, CKD is projected to become the fifth leading cause of death worldwide, marking it as one of the most challenging noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) globally The causes of CKD are multifaceted, with metabolic disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity being key contributors, closely linked to global aging populations and unhealthy lifestyles. In recent years, the burden of CKD has continued to rise globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where the high incidence and mortality rates of CKD pose significant challenges to healthcare systems and severely reduce the quality of life for patients. The increasing global burden of CKD is reflected not only in its rising prevalence but also in substantial increases in the age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) and the age-standardized disability-adjusted life year (DALY) rate. As a frequent comorbidity of multiple chronic diseases, CKD often progresses rapidly from early to advanced stages, markedly reducing patient survival. Recent epidemiological data indicate that CKD has distinct distribution characteristics across different age groups and genders, closely related to socioeconomic factors, environmental conditions, and disparities in healthcare resource allocation. While the prevalence of CKD has declined in some high-income countries, the rate of increase in CKD burden in many low- and middle-income countries far exceeds the global average. To address the growing global health threat of CKD, the World Health Organization, along with national governments and healthcare institutions, has been actively promoting policy interventions, including early screening, disease management, and lifestyle improvements. However, despite these efforts, the global burden of CKD continues to rise, posing substantial challenges to healthcare systems, particularly in resource-limited regions. In light of this, accurately assessing global CKD trends and its attributable risk factors is crucial to providing policymakers with evidence-based guidance, ensuring the effective allocation of resources and implementing appropriate preventive and intervention measures to mitigate this burden.