Emotional reactions to real-world events predict shifts in longer term affective states.

Sepsis is defined as a “life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection” []. Its pathophysiology involves complex mechanisms such as systemic vasodilation and reduced effective circulatory volume. This results in global tissue hypoperfusion and hypoxia, which progresses to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and potentially fatal outcomes. According to a recent WHO publication, there were 48.9 million cases and 11 million sepsis-related deaths worldwide, representing 20% of all global deaths []. Septic shock is showing an increasing global trend in incidence, although mortality rates have declined in regions such as Europe and North America [,]. The first consensus definition of septic shock was established in 1992, which included the following key components: body temperature above 38 °C or below 36 °C, heart rate greater than 90 beats per minute, respiratory rate greater than 20 beats per minute or carbon dioxide partial pressure below 4.3 kPa, and neutrophilia above 12000/mm or neutropenia below 4000/mm with 10% or more of non-segmented peripheral blood neutrophils. The diagnosis of sepsis was based on the presence of a suspected infection and clinical or microbiological evidence of infection in the presence of at least 2 of the 4 systemic inflammatory response criteria (SIRS) []. With the iterative updates to the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines, assessment tools such as NEWS, MEWS, and qSOFA have been subsequently incorporated to facilitate the rapid identification of septic shock. Early identification and appropriate management of septic shock is a critical determinant of improved survival rates []. Studies have demonstrated that prehospital recognition of septic shock, coupled with interventions such as antibiotic administration, effectively reduces mortality [,]. Advanced age and long-term indwelling urinary catheter are important risk factors for urinary tract infection. Older adults frequently present with atypical, non-specific symptoms of infection; classic signs such as fever and leukocytosis may be absent or attenuated, body temperature may be normal or even low, and white blood cell count may not be elevated. This can delay recognition of sepsis and septic shock in this population. Altered mental status, elevated lactate, and decreased urine output are important early indicators of sepsis and septic shock, particularly when typical inflammatory signs are absent []. The EAU guidelines show that the incidence of bacteriuria associated with indwelling catheterization is 3% to 8% per day. The duration of catheterization is the most important risk factor for the development of a catheter-related urinary tract infection (CAUTI). Meanwhile, the guidelines point out that catheter-associated UTIs are the leading cause of secondary healthcare-associated bacteremia [].