Healthcare professionals perspectives surrounding the use of medicinal ethanol for the management of acute alcohol withdrawal in hospital settings.

Dietary management is considered an integral component of the comprehensive management for depression. Substantial evidence has indicated that nutrients play important roles in alleviating depressive symptoms. However, many studies primarily concentrate on the effects of 1 to 2 specific nutrients for depression, which limits the validity and universal applicability of their findings. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the association between multiple macronutrients and the risk of depression, as this could facilitate the development of nutritional strategies for managing depressive symptoms. Three essential macronutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids, are the most accessible and indispensable for daily intake. Research findings based on these macronutrients may have broader applicability compared to those derived from specific supplements. Back in 1987, an observational study reported that the proportion of macronutrients in the diet affected long-term mood among college students; a lower proportion of proteins and a higher proportion of carbohydrates were associated with lower levels of depression. As reported by Wurtman et al, individuals afflicted with seasonal affective disorder or depression often tend to eat carbohydrate-rich foods and beverages. Researchers further proposed that persons with mood or affective disorders could use carbohydrate-rich foods as “comfort foods” to elevate their mood. However, other recent studies have suggested that elevated sugar intake may be associated with increased rates of depression. When different social groups are assessed, a prospective cohort study has found that high-sugar intake and glycemic index diets could be a risk factor for depression among postmenopausal women, but there is an inverse link between glycemic load and depression for elderly people. Meanwhile, in the United States (U.S.), research found that increased protein intake correlated with an increased risk of depression in women. On the contrary, a randomized controlled study carried out by Endevelt et al showed that increased protein intake significantly improved depressive symptoms in malnourished elderly patients. High-fat diets are considered one of the risk factors for depression. In 2020, a survey reported that fat intake was not significantly associated with depression in either the U.S. or South Korea. Additionally, these macronutrients may influence depression by modulating the stress response and inflammatory processes via the gut–brain axis. Hereby, it is crucial to further explore the synergistic effects of multiple macronutrients in depression. To address the important issue of the synergistic effects of carbohydrates, proteins, and fatty acids on depression, this investigation employed machine learning to analyze the impact of these macronutrient types on depression levels and the risk of depressive symptoms using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. This integrated approach would provide robust theoretical support for dietary modifications in depression management.