Correlation Between Chinese Surgical Nurses' Perception of Holistic Humanistic Caring and Their Experience of Workplace Violence: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) youth in the United States face unique stressors rooted in cisheterosexism that undermine their psychological well‐being (Schnarrs et al., ). One of the most pervasive of these stressors is bias‐based bullying, which is harassment or victimization targeting individuals because of their actual or perceived identities (Jones et al., ). Compared to their heterosexual and cisgender peers, LGBTQ+ youth in U.S.‐based samples are disproportionately exposed to bullying both in school and online (Abreu & Kenny, ; Angoff & Barnhart, ). For racialized LGBTQ+ youth, such as Latine LGBTQ+, these experiences often extend beyond sexual and gender identity, reflecting multiple intersecting systems of oppression, such as racism. Latine LGBTQ+ youth in the U.S. experience compounded forms of bias‐based bullying (Abreu et al., , ; Barrita, Abreu, et al., ; Barrita et al., ; Barrita, Parmenter, et al., ; Kosciw et al., ); Intersectional bullying, which includes experiences of racism and cisheterosexism, has been linked to poorer mental health outcomes and reduced engagement in health‐promoting behaviors, such as lower willingness to consider preventive care for sexually transmitted infections (Abreu et al., ). Cyberbullying, which is harassment or mistreatment experienced through digital or electronic platforms, represents a particularly salient form of victimization for LGBTQ+ youth (Abreu & Kenny, ). Importantly, adolescence (ages 13–18) represents a developmental period characterized by identity formation, heightened sensitivity to peer evaluation, and increasing future orientation, all of which may amplify the impact of bullying and discrimination on both psychological functioning and expectations about the future (Hirsch et al., ). For Latine LGBTQ+ adolescents in the U.S., these developmental processes unfold within broader sociopolitical and cultural contexts that shape experiences of safety and identity affirmation across school and online environments. These broader structural contexts may also influence how bullying is experienced and how adolescents develop expectations about their future. Repeated exposure to intersectional oppression, among Latine LGBTQ+ in the United States, is associated with heightened psychological distress, internalized stigma, and negative coping strategies (Abreu et al., , ; Barrita, Abreu, et al., ; Barrita et al., ; Barrita, Parmenter, et al., ), all factors that may shape how youth view their futures and possibilities for thriving as LGBTQ+ individuals. Given these risks, it is important to examine how bullying experiences, both in‐person and online, are associated with mental health and future‐oriented beliefs among Latine LGBTQ+ youth living in the United States. This study addresses this gap using an intersectional approach by examining the links between bullying (school and cyber), psychological distress, and beliefs about the future among Latine LGBTQ+ youth in the United States, a population at the intersection of multiple marginalized identities, yet often overlooked in research. In the present study, intersectionality is conceptualized as the co‐occurrence of multiple minoritized identities (e.g., racial/ethnic and LGBTQ+ identities) that shape exposure to overlapping forms of bias‐based bullying across contexts, rather than as a comparative framework across identity groups. This approach aligns with prior research using composite measures of intersectional victimization to capture cumulative exposure to identity‐based mistreatment (Abreu et al., , ; Barrita et al., ; Barrita, Hixson, et al., ; Parmenter & Barrita, , ). Persistent exposure to discrimination and victimization can shape how Latine LGBTQ+ youth feel about their sense of self. Minority Stress Theory (MST; Brooks, ; Meyer, ) provides a useful framework for understanding how these experiences are associated with mental health outcomes among Latine LGBTQ+ youth in the United States. MST posits that distal (i.e., external stressors such as discrimination, microaggressions, and bullying) and proximal (i.e., internal stressors, such as internalized stigma or shame about one's LGBTQ+ identity) stressors are linked to mental health disparities. Further, experiences of discrimination and bullying (i.e., distal stressors) can become internalized (i.e., proximal stressors) and are associated with psychological outcomes for LGBTQ+ populations (Barrita, Abreu, et al., ; Barrita et al., ; Parmenter & Barrita, ). MST provides a valuable lens for understanding stress among LGBTQ+ youth (Hatzenbuehler & Pachankis, ), yet it has been critiqued for more limited attention to how intersecting forms of oppression jointly shape mental health disparities among individuals with multiple minoritized identities.