Clinical Characteristics and Dental Treatment of Patients Attending a UK Dental Hospital-A Descriptive Study.

There have been considerable efforts on surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals in recent years in developed countries; however, less attention has been given to other One Health contexts such as the environment and foods, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study gives insight into the presence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in retailed and home-grown fruits and vegetables in southwestern Nigeria. This will assist in the improvement of hygienic practices at different stages of the value chain of fruits and vegetables, hence addressing Sustainable Development Goal 3: Good Health and Wellbeing. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to public health. The growing challenge of the emergence and spread of AMR has been the subject of several surveys and has been reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the major health challenges of the 21st century [WHO , Food and Agriculture Organization ]. AMR has been recognized as a threat to the world’s sustainability and development efforts, including the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (Jasovky et al. ). It was estimated in 2019 that 1.27 million people died due to antimicrobial-resistant infections, and the global burden associated with antimicrobial-resistant infections across several pathogen–drug combinations was estimated at 4.95 million (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators ). To mitigate the global challenge of AMR, several strategies are being implemented to reduce exposure to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens and lower the burden of AMR, including antimicrobial stewardship, early, rapid, and accurate diagnosis to inform the treatment of infections, improved public education and awareness, and continuous and holistic surveillance in a One Health context (World Health Organization ). There have been considerable efforts on surveillance of AMR in bacteria from humans and food-producing animals in recent years in developed countries (World Health Organization and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control ); however, less attention has been given to other One Health contexts such as the environment and foods, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (Ikhimiukor et al. ). Agricultural products, including fruits and vegetables, can act as significant reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms (Zahra et al. ). Fruits and vegetables are essential for healthy nutrition and are consumed globally due to their numerous health benefits, which include improved mental health (Brookie et al. ), reduced cancer risk (Gonzalez et al. , Oyebode et al. ), reduced cardiovascular disease mortality (Oyebode et al. ), and reduced risk of stroke (Hu et al. ), among others. Nonetheless, fruits and vegetables could pose a huge public health risk due to the possibility of being vehicles for transmitting antimicrobial-resistant pathogens to humans (Schwaiger et al. , Ahmed et al. , Jung and Rubin , Oyedele et al. , Saksena et al. ). This risk could be heightened based on the recommendation of adopting home gardens (HGs) to promote food security and well-being (Galhena et al. ), since fruits and vegetables grown in HGs could come in contact with contaminated inputs (soil, manure, and water), animals (pets, livestock, or wild animals), and humans (Young et al. ).