Utilization of Training for Nurses in the Prevention of Adolescent Violence Risk Behaviors: Protocol for a Scoping Review.

Labor migration is a global phenomenon in which individuals leave their home countries to take up temporary or long-term employment abroad, primarily to improve their socio-economic situation [, ]. According to the International Labor Organization (ILO) estimates [], approximately 155.6 million people were working as migrant workers worldwide in 2022 []. The share of migrants, employed in the care economy – including health care and domestic services – was estimated at 12.4% for men and 28.8% for women. Germany’s long-term care system is highly dependent on this workforce. In December 2023, about 5.7 million people were considered in need of care under the German Long-Term Care Insurance Act (SGB XI), of whom about 86% (4.9 million) were cared for at home []. Home-based care, often supported by live-in caregivers, offers financial advantages compared to institutional settings, relieves family members, and ensures continuous availability of care – particularly important for individuals with dementia or other cognitive impairments [–]. Live-in caregivers typically perform a wide range of tasks, including household duties and basic personal care such as assistance with hygiene, mobility, eating, and daily routines. The private household serves simultaneously as both the workplace and the place of residence for live-in caregivers. Live-in care creates complex forms of relationships that are deeply personal yet structured by unequal global systems of migration, labor, and care []. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 migrant caregivers provide support in live-in arrangements in Germany, mostly assisting older people within their own homes [, –]. The majority of these live-in caregivers are women from Central and Eastern Europe, with Poland representing the most frequent country of origin [, ]. Employment is typically temporary, structured in two- to three-month rotational systems with multiple caregivers alternating over time [, ]. Three employment models exist: (a) the employer model, in which the household directly employs the caregiver; (b) the posting of workers model, in which a foreign company deploys the caregiver to the household under EU regulations; and (c) self-employment. The posting model, followed by self-employment, represents the most common arrangement. For live-ins, these transnational and often short-term employment relationships are frequently associated with limited labor protection and high psychological strain [–].