Feasibility, Affordability, Benefits, and Challenges of Transitioning to Virtual Case Management for PLHIV: Experiences From Indonesia and Nepal.

Design and implementation of global health interventions require careful consideration of broader medical and sociocultural contexts to facilitate intervention effectiveness, acceptability, and uptake. The systematic assessment and integration of these factors throughout the design process can help avoid decontextualized and ultimately inefficient interventions. Consequently, approaches acknowledging insights from end-users (including clients, health care providers, policymakers, or other stakeholders) have gained traction in global health work in recent years. One increasingly applied approach for the structured and iterative development of health interventions is human-centered design (HCD), often conceptualized as comprising 5 phases: Empathize, Define, Ideate, Prototype, and Test. As part of this process, HCD emphasizes the involvement of end-users throughout design and implementation stages to co-develop novel and acceptable solutions. Recent successful applications of HCD approaches for intervention design include vaccine promotion efforts, decision-making mechanisms in emergency medicine, and health care provision for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). As the list of successful interventions developed using HCD expands, global health researchers have proposed, adopted, and refined a broad array of general and context-specific design frameworks to guide intervention development and implementation. While these frameworks form an integral resource to guide design processes in global health research and practice, they often focus on iteration and evaluation phases, as well as on broader, more abstract design domains to ensure generalizability across fields of application.