The Effect of Tele-nursing Education on Medication Adherence and Health Literacy in COPD patients.

Microbes are the most abundant and diverse life forms on Earth. They play a crucial role in biogeochemical cycling and have potential to mitigate climate change. However, they are often overlooked in models and discussions on environmental challenges. There is a growing advocacy for urgent actions to integrate microbiology into global initiatives, such as the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), to fully harness their potential. Understanding microbial networks is essential for ecosystem functionality and planetary sustainability. Microbes contribute to most of the SDG in various ways: nurturing health and addressing diseases (SDG 3), food production and nutrition (SDG 2), production of clean energy (SDG 7), synthesizing and recycling chemicals, removal of pollutants, clean water (SDG 6), and global biochemical cycles. Microbes have immense potential as allies in addressing contemporary threats to our planet. Viewed from a geological and biological standpoint, our planet is a living entity. The accretion of the Earth is estimated to have occurred ∼4.6 billion years ago, evolving with a hot nucleus, mantle, and crust—the latter hosting all forms of life. The Earth’s crust spans diverse environments, from the depths of oceans to mountains, rivers, freshwater, highly saline, low- or high-pH lakes, and estuaries, along with prairies, tropical forests, and extremely cold poles, collectively shaping the Earth’s landscape. This geographic diversity results in a wide range of temperatures, humidity levels, and radiation gradients, which define as many biotopes. Life in its simplest forms emerged around 3.5–3.8 billion years ago, probably started by some sort of protocells (Sanchez-Baracaldo et al. ) that evolved into prokaryotic-like ancestors. Over time, their derivatives, archaea, and bacteria have successfully colonized every possible niche on the planet, adapting to widely different physicochemical conditions and evolving incredibly diverse metabolic capabilities. Cyanobacteria, able to derive electrons from water photolysis and release molecular oxygen as a waste product, Rassmusen et al. () played a pivotal role in evolving the efficient oxygenic photosynthesis that accounts for most current primary production and shaping the current oxic atmosphere. Furthermore, cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic bacteria have contributed to massive carbonate deposition over geological history (Sheehan et al. , Falkowski et al. , Dupraz et al. , Benzerara et al. ). The oxygenation of the atmosphere around 2.4 Ga ago probably set the stage for the evolution of the eukaryotic cell and, subsequently, that of complex multi-cellular organisms, such as animals, plants, fungi, and kelp (López-García and Moreira. ). For most of the Earth’s history, though, life was microbial (Bertrand et al. ). Microbes represent the widest biodiversity in our planet, with archaea, bacteria, and microbial eukaryotes harbouring the widest genetic and metabolic diversity.  appeared only around 300 000 years ago. Whilst humans coexisted in equilibrium with their environment for millennia, their adaptive cognitive capacities, with the development of language and communication, the use of fire and progressively engineered tools, led to their growing impact on ecosystems and the natural course of the Earth’s history. The late XVIII century marked the onset of the industrial era, which had more far-reaching consequences on our species impact on our planet than the previous thousands of years of human evolution, triggering climate change and biodiversity loss at unprecedented rates (Merz et al. ).