Latent profiles of problematic internet use and their associations with physical activity levels among college students: a cross-sectional study.

Health systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) face persistent structural challenges that limit their ability to deliver equitable, high-quality, and data-driven care. Among these, inadequate infrastructure, particularly unreliable electricity and limited digital connectivity, remains a critical barrier to effective healthcare delivery in rural and peri-urban settings (, ). Across sub-Saharan Africa, a substantial proportion of health facilities operate with intermittent or no electricity, constraining the use of essential medical equipment, digital systems, and cold chain technologies necessary for safe, continuous care. In Kenya, despite improvements in national electrification, rural and peri-urban health facilities continue to experience significant infrastructure deficits. These limitations contribute to fragmented health information systems, reliance on paper-based records, and inefficiencies in clinical workflows, ultimately affecting the quality and continuity of care (). Weak infrastructure also undermines disease surveillance, resource management, and responsiveness to public health emergencies, posing a major challenge to achieving universal health coverage (UHC) (, ). In Kenya, universal health coverage remains a national policy priority, yet implementation continues to be constrained by persistent inequities in infrastructure, service availability, and health system capacity, particularly in rural and underserved counties. Although Kenya has made measurable progress in expanding primary healthcare access and in developing digital health policy, major gaps remain in equitable service delivery, continuity of care, and the operational readiness of frontline health facilities to support reliable, high-quality care (–). These structural constraints directly affect health systems' ability to translate digital innovation into meaningful gains in service coverage, quality, and continuity, particularly in low-resource settings where infrastructure fragility remains a persistent barrier to UHC implementation.