Characteristics of adult individuals with Rett syndrome treated or untreated with trofinetide in the United States.

Transradial coronary intervention has emerged as an extensively adopted, advanced approach for the diagnosis and treatment of coronary heart disease, recognized for its advantages of minimal trauma, lower complication rates, and enhanced patient comfort due to unrestricted positioning post-procedure (). Despite these benefits, local complications such as limb pain and swelling remain prevalent after radial artery access. Radial artery occlusion (RAO) is one of the most common complications following trans-radial procedures. A recent 2024 systematic review and meta-analysis of 41 studies involving 30,020 patients reported an overall RAO incidence of 13% (95% CI: 9%–16%), with early RAO (within 24 h) incidence of 14% (95% CI: 10%–18%) (). RAO primarily results from prolonged hemostatic compression or insufficient hemostasis leading to bleeding and related sequelae (). Anatomically distant from the heart, the hand exhibits comparatively slower local blood circulation and cellular turnover, which predisposes to fluid accumulation in extracellular and interstitial spaces, exacerbating localized swelling (). Persistent fluid retention can further impair lymphatic drainage, and when compounded by postoperative inflammatory responses, may lead to venous and lymphatic stasis, compromised microcirculation, and in severe cases, localized ischemia or necrosis (). Conventional management strategies, including limb elevation, compression bandaging, and topical agents such as magnesium sulfate wet compresses, offer limited efficacy due to delayed onset of action, practical constraints in maintaining continuous application, and potential skin irritation (). While patent hemostasis techniques have been recommended to reduce RAO rates, the optimal hemostasis protocol remains debated, and many centers still rely on conventional compression methods (). A recent 2025 network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on radial hemostasis devices confirmed that the incidence of RAO following hemostasis varies widely (1%–33%), and no single device has demonstrated clear superiority (). In contrast, traditional Chinese medicine attributes swelling to impaired fluid metabolism and often employs physical interventions such as finger exercises and acupoint stimulation to promote circulation, relieve pain, and reduce edema (). A 2023 randomized clinical trial comparing three hand exercise regimens (finger exercise, acupoint massage, and handgrip exercise) in 102 patients after transradial cardiac catheterization found that all three interventions significantly reduced limb edema and pain, with handgrip exercise showing superior efficacy in edema reduction (). These findings support the potential value of structured finger rehabilitation exercises in post-procedural care.