Real-World Psilocybin Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Retrospective Observational Study.

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), intellectual developmental disorder, and specific learning disorder (SLD), arise during central-nervous-system development. They are associated with difficulties in attention regulation, impulse control, social communication, and behavioral flexibility (). Children with NDDs engage in lower habitual physical activity than their typically developing peers (). Further, psychiatric comorbidities such as depression are common across the life course (, ). Therefore, sport and exercise interventions are being increasingly examined as non-pharmacological strategies for supporting physical, cognitive, and mental-health outcomes in this population (). Within this broader agenda, two parallel trends frame the present study. First, sport-participation research has begun to differentiate trajectories by sport type and social context: Australian youth with autism exhibit lower participation in team sports than those without autism (), and children and adolescents with autism in Europe favor individual sports over team sports (). Second, intervention research has highlighted martial arts, particularly judo, as a structured movement form that may benefit executive function and behavior in children with ADHD and ASD (–). However, the field has largely been built on either large epidemiological samples without sport-specific resolution or small intervention studies without population-scale anchoring. To the best of our knowledge, large-scale data on who actually participates in a specific sport, in a specific country, and across the developmental span have been absent. This gap is particularly conspicuous in Asia, with limited evidence on the sport participation of children with NDDs. Japan provides a particularly relevant context for addressing this gap: It is the birthplace of judo, and judo instruction is delivered nationwide through community dojos and school-affiliated programs that span preschool through university. Nevertheless, the most recent national survey of community youth sports in Japan did not stratify by NDDs or specific sports, such as judo, soccer, or baseball (). Meanwhile, practice-based reports on judo as a developmental support modality have accumulated (–). For instance, a single prefecture-level survey suggested that community judo clubs already serve children with NDD-related characteristics (). Yet, no large-scale instructor-reported survey has clarified how widely such support needs are encountered across Japanese judo settings. This absence is consequential: Without nationwide data, policy discussions about inclusive coach education, club-level accommodation, and disclosure norms in Japanese community sport remain limited by the lack of an empirical foundation.