Artificial intelligence and teacher competence: a scoping review of assessment, analytics, and professional development.

Occupational stress (OS), also referred to as job stress, is defined as the adverse physiological and psychological responses that occur when job demands do not match an individual's abilities, or when resources and needs remain unmet (). Due to sustained and substantial occupational pressure, healthcare workers have become one of the populations with the highest prevalence of occupational stress. A recent review indicated that over 52.9% of healthcare workers in Ethiopia experience occupational stress (). Kakemam et al. () reported that 78.4% of nurses experienced occupational stress; in another study conducted in Iran, the reported prevalence of occupational stress among nurses was 49.5% (). A systematic review further estimated that the economic burden of occupational stress ranges from US$221.13 million to US$187 billion, with 70%−90% of productivity-related losses attributed to this condition (). The work environment of the emergency department (ED) is characterized by multiple stressors, including high unpredictability, frequent emergencies, sustained heavy workloads, and pronounced tension in nurse-patient relationships (, ). ED nurses are not only required to cope with high-intensity tasks and unpredictable fluctuations in patient volume over the long term, but are also frequently exposed to traumatic resuscitation events, the risk of workplace violence, circadian rhythm disruption due to shift work, and extreme situations involving life-and-death decision-making (–). Such sustained high-effort conditions place ED nurses at particularly high risk for occupational stress. A systematic review has demonstrated that the prevalence of occupational stress among ED nurses is notably high, with over 60% of nurses affected (). A cross-sectional study from China has reported a similarly concerning finding, with a detection rate of 59.66% (). Collectively, these findings underscore that occupational stress among ED nurses demands urgent attention and intervention. Work-family conflict arises when individuals are unable to fulfill family responsibilities due to work demands, or when family burdens interfere with work performance (). The very nature of clinical nursing imposes a structural encroachment on family role fulfillment, such that nurses face persistent challenges in carrying out family obligations, participating in child rearing, and maintaining intimate relationships. Pien et al. () demonstrated that work-family conflict perceived by nurses is not only prevalent but also chronically sustained at high levels. Zandian et al. () confirmed that up to 93% of nurses reported moderate-to-severe work-family conflict. A large-scale survey of 70,932 nurses in China conducted by Chen et al. () further confirmed that work-family conflict has become a critical reality for this population.