From ICU Survival to Recovery: A Somalia-Adapted Nurse-Led Home Recovery Framework After Critical Illness in Low-Resource Settings.

Vaccination is considered one of the most effective public health interventions for preventing infectious diseases and reducing childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), immunization currently prevents approximately 3.5 to 5 million deaths annually from diseases such as measles, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and influenza (). Despite the substantial success of vaccination programs, vaccine hesitancy has emerged as an increasing global public health concern and was recognized by the WHO as a major threat to global health and remains a significant challenge to immunization programs worldwide (). Vaccine hesitancy refers to delayed acceptance or refusal of vaccines despite vaccine availability and accessibility (). Hesitancy is a complex and multifactorial phenomenon influenced by confidence in vaccine safety and effectiveness, complacency toward vaccine-preventable diseases, and convenience of vaccine access (). Additional contributing factors include misinformation, fear of adverse effects, cultural beliefs, distrust in healthcare systems, and exposure to anti-vaccine content on social media platforms (, ). Globally, vaccine hesitancy has contributed to outbreaks of previously controlled infectious diseases. For example, measles cases increased by approximately 79% worldwide in 2022 compared with the previous year, partly due to declining vaccination coverage in several countries (). Childhood vaccination coverage also declined during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, increasing concerns regarding the resurgence of vaccine-preventable diseases ().