Effect of large language model assistance on undergraduate art history question-answering performance: a randomized crossover pilot study.

Research on sensory feedback in speech production has moved beyond the question of whether speakers use feedback. That question is largely settled. Speakers monitor the sensory consequences of their speech, compare them with expected outcomes, and use the discrepancies to adjust ongoing and future productions. Volume I focused largely on auditory feedback (); Volume II established that somatosensory feedback is no less central (); Volume III turns to how the speech feedback control system weights feedback errors, how it weights the different senses, and how that weighting is altered in disorder. Simple models of feedback control assume that the mismatch between predicted and actual feedback is estimated and the controller corrects errors in proportion to their size. The contributions in this volume complicate that account. exposed speakers to formant perturbations that varied in direction, magnitude, and the extent of exposure. They found larger corrective responses when a perturbation moved a vowel towards a neighbouring natural vowel category. For these category-directed perturbations, responses to smaller shifts were proportionally largest early in exposure. These patterns are consistent with the speech motor control system weighting errors by their plausibility as self-generated, not simply by their magnitude. Error processing, in short, seems to hinge on what kind of error occurs and how often it recurs, and may also depend on whether the system treats it as self-caused rather than externally caused. challenged a common assumption: that a speaker who adapts to a specific perturbation will adapt the same way the next time they encounter it. When speakers heard the same 100-cent pitch perturbation across three repetitions within a single session, adaptation fell by 67% from the first repetition to the second and was effectively eliminated by the third, with neither differing significantly from baseline. This attenuation, the authors note, parallels implicit learning in visuomotor reaching tasks, reinforcing the characterization of pitch adaptation as primarily implicit and driven by sensory prediction error. This instability also raises practical concerns for studies that treat adaptation as a reliable individual-difference measure.