A cognitive dissonance-based mobile app intervention for smoking cessation: A single-arm pilot trial.

In recent years, with the rapid acceleration of digitalization, individuals' daily routines and patterns of interpersonal interaction have undergone a significant transformation. The widespread use of digital technologies, particularly social media platforms, has substantially reshaped the ways in which individuals engage in interpersonal interactions. Although social media serves as a tool that facilitates communication and strengthens social connections among individuals, its excessive, unregulated, and problematic use has been associated with various psychological and relational difficulties (; ). In this context, social media may function as a means of enhancing social capital while also being considered a contextual factor that may pose risks to individuals' emotional and cognitive processes. Growing evidence suggests that problematic social media use may undermine individuals' psychological wellbeing and may be associated with a range of negative outcomes in interpersonal relationships (). More recently, researchers have argued that the consequences of addictive behaviors extend beyond individual psychological and physical health to interpersonal and romantic domains. For example, demonstrated that tobacco use negatively influenced partner selection and reduced individuals' willingness to establish stable romantic relationships. These findings suggest that addictive behaviors may shape not only individual wellbeing but also the formation and maintenance of close romantic relationships. Accordingly, examining the relational consequences of problematic social media use represents an important extension of the broader addiction literature. Within this broader framework, it becomes crucial to move beyond individual-level factors of social media use and examine its associations with close interpersonal relationships, particularly romantic relationship functioning. Within the context of romantic relationships, social media use has emerged as an important factor that reshapes interactions between partners. Recent research has continued to demonstrate that problematic technology use, including excessive social media engagement, may undermine relationship functioning by increasing conflict, reducing emotional responsiveness, and disrupting interpersonal communication (; ). Collectively, these findings indicate that digital behaviors have become an increasingly important determinant of romantic relationship quality. In particular, interactions occurring through social media have been shown to increase feelings of jealousy and insecurity between partners, which may lead to lower relationship satisfaction (). Similarly, social media use has been associated with increased surveillance behaviors in romantic relationships, which may be linked to relationship dissatisfaction (). Studies also report that social media use may be associated with increased conflict, heightened jealousy, and decreased relationship satisfaction in romantic relationships (; ). These findings suggest that social media interactions may not only alter communication patterns but also reshape the emotional climate and trust dynamics within relationships. In addition, increased social media use may reduce face-to-face interaction and weaken emotional intimacy, which may be reflected in lower relationship quality. Accordingly, social media may exhibit a dual role in romantic relationships, functioning as both a bonding and a weakening factor. Taken together, these findings suggest that social media addiction may be an important variable associated with perceived romantic relationship quality. To better understand the relationship between social media addiction and romantic relationship quality, it is important to examine the underlying mechanisms of this association. Such relationships may be better conceptualized as multidimensional and process-based rather than operating through predictive links. A review of relevant literature suggests that this association may not be limited to a single pathway but instead operate through predictive pathways involving individuals' psychological and physiological processes (; ). In this context, psychological inflexibility and insomnia may be considered as two key variables with the potential to explain the relationship between social media addiction and romantic relationship quality. Examining these variables together may provide a more comprehensive and in-depth perspective on understanding the relational outcomes of social media addiction.