Multimodal classification of mood disorders using structural MRI and polygenic risk scores: a machine learning ablation study in UK Biobank.

The large-scale displacement of Ukrainian refugees has created sustained challenges for healthcare systems across Europe, particularly in supporting access to care for newly resettled populations (). Europe, as the most affected continent, has received more than five million refugees, who have been dispersed across multiple countries (). This ongoing displacement of Ukrainian refugees has contributed to the transition of healthcare systems from an emergency response to the long-term integration of this population into the system. However, this sudden massive arrival of refugees also placed significant pressure on healthcare systems, as illustrated by Germany, which received more than one million refugees in less than a year, resulting in increased healthcare strain (). A similar situation occurred in Poland, which is among the European countries most affected by Ukrainian migration and had limited public expenditure on healthcare (). As a result, many countries have experienced similar pressures on healthcare services, including workforce shortages, longer waiting times, and challenges in integrating refugees into existing care pathways (). The Nordic-Baltic region has hosted a large number of Ukrainian refugees since 2022, and has worked to ensure their access to health services, with some variation in eligibility and service provision between countries (). For example, the Swedish Migration Studies Delegation has proposed coordinated policy measures to expand access to mental health support, and culturally adapted services for displaced Ukrainians (). In the context of the present study, Norway is of particular interest, as it hosts more than 86,000 Ukrainians with valid collective protection as of 2026 (). Migration patterns suggest continued arrivals, with recent findings indicating as reported by the Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Research, which found that 47% of Ukrainian refugees plan to stay in Norway, and one third are considering bringing more family members to the country (). In this context, the healthcare system may need to adapt to a long-term scenario of sustained demand. At the same time, differences between healthcare systems create barriers to navigation, contributing to confusion and frustration among Ukrainian refugees. For example, their childbirth experiences in Ukraine influenced their expectations of maternal care in Norway and made the unfamiliar system hard to navigate (). Difficulties accessing specialist healthcare services, long waiting times, communication barriers, and limited access to medications have been identified as common barriers to accessing the Norwegian healthcare system (). Similar barriers have been reported across Europe, including waiting times, information gaps, and service costs (). As a consequence of these pressures, healthcare systems must balance increasing demand with the effective integration of Ukrainian refugees into existing healthcare services (). The World Health Organization (WHO), the International Organization for Migration (IOM), and the European Union (EU) have joined efforts to support and strengthen healthcare systems overloaded by the arrival of Ukrainian refugees (). While such initiatives have provided important short-term support, there remains a need for complementary and scalable solutions that address long-term access and navigation challenges. In this context, digital health interventions (DHIs) offer promising opportunities to support health promotion and improve access to healthcare information, as demonstrated in other refugee settings (–). These interventions include a range of solutions such as mobile health applications, telehealth services, online health information platforms, and digital screening or self-management tools designed to support access, navigation, and care coordination. In this paper, DHIs are defined as digital health platforms through which information is accessed, interpreted, and acted upon within healthcare systems.