Case Report: Staged multidisciplinary nursing management of grade 4 oral mucositis after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Health is both a determinant and an outcome of development, peace, poverty reduction, social justice, and human rights (). Accordingly, the value of integrating health into all government policies has been increasingly recognized (), but the successful implementation of public health-promoting initiatives requires more than the formal inclusion of health in policy frameworks alone (). Policymakers, practitioners, and scholars have begun to stress the importance of health alongside other political issues, such as trade, security, equity, development, and human rights. However, good health and wellbeing have been challenged due to rising geopolitical tensions. Countries need to design and negotiate frameworks and agreements that can address global health challenges in a collective manner. Effective implementation depends on coordinated local, regional, and global cooperation, given the need to work across sectors and engage various actors whose decisions and activities shape public health outcomes. Diplomacy facilitates collaboration, coordination, cooperation, and communication across stakeholders. Traditionally, in matters related to health, diplomatic efforts have involved health experts on an basis. Today, health diplomacy is recognized as a form of diplomacy that extends beyond soft power, operating at the intersection of health, foreign policy, and international relations (). It can be conducted at different levels—global, transnational, regional, and national—and has become a powerful tool at the nexus of global health, international relations, and global development. It is a strategic instrument used to build trust by managing crises and negotiating shared action in times of uncertainty (). More specifically, global health diplomacy (GHD) is defined as having the dual goals of improving health while strengthening relations among nations. It has been formalized through officially accredited Health Attachés and diplomats responsible for representing and linking Ministries of Health and public health institutions across countries. These GHD actors follow formalized processes and employ tools primarily focused on state-level action. Other informal actors, such as host country officials, non-governmental organizations, private enterprises, universities, and the general public, can also participate in GHD and often use a more diverse set of tools (). This article focuses on the emerging field of public health diplomacy (PHD), defined as “” (). We argue that effective and efficient health-related diplomacy requires the systematic integration of public health expertise into diplomatic processes, as well as the training of public health professionals in the skills necessary to sustain ongoing dialogue between the two fields. However, few programs offer technical, cross-cultural, management, and negotiation training for health professionals from a multinational perspective. Greater involvement in diplomatic and public health forums is needed to improve understanding of the links between foreign policy and “glocal” (global and local) health.