Blood feeding, microbiota, and layered mosquito immunity: from pathway phenotypes to vector competence.

Food‐based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) have come to be one of the most used resources for information about healthy nutrition at a national level. They have been recommended for many years by global health organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (FAO and WHO ). According to the FAO, more than 100 countries have implemented their own FBDGs (FAO ). FBDGs are commonly evidence based and aim to translate quantitative nutritional goals and reference values into qualitative recommendations that are easy to understand and comparable with one's own diet. They are intended to be a low threshold way to promote nutritional knowledge and support healthier eating habits (FAO and CFNI ; Albert et al. ; Schneeman ). For example, the German FBDGs, developed by the German Association for Nutrition (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung, DGE) and updated in 2024 (DGE ), consist of (a) 11 written recommendations (DGE ), (b) the as a visual representation of a balanced diet, and (c) the , showing exact reference quantities based on an assumed daily energy intake of 2000 kcal (DGE ). New literature and updated guideline models have also begun to address environmental aspects in FBDGs (Dooren et al. ; Herforth et al. ; Mazac et al. ; Springmann et al. ). This change reflects a growing recognition of nutrition‐related emissions, land, and water use, all of which contribute to climate change and biodiversity loss, endangering both the environment and human health (Crippa et al. ; Stoll‐Kleemann and Schmidt ). The updated German FBDGs (DGE ) represent one of the first practical applications incorporating such aspects. A mathematical optimization model was used to incorporate health and environmental aspects, while not deviating too much from Germany's current diet, based on the latest German National Nutrition Survey (Nationale Verzehrsstudie II; NVS II). Full adherence to these recommendations has been estimated to yield health gains of 2.67–4.37 disability‐adjusted life years per person, as well putting Germany on track to achieve the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change target of a 45% reduction in diet‐related greenhouse gas emissions by 2030 (DGE ).