Miliary Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive Review of Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Complications.

According to the World Health Organization, mass gatherings are events where large crowds may strain public health resources []. They require careful planning [, ], but challenges such as crowd management, poor emergency preparedness, inadequate laws, budget shortfall, and insufficient training often hinder hazard control [, ]. The Arbaeen pilgrimage in Karbala attracts over 20 million participants annually [, , ]. Most pilgrims walk 80 km from Najaf to Karbala in 20–25 h []. Similar to other mass gatherings, overcrowding, poor hygiene, and inadequate health and sanitation practices increase infectious disease risks and health discomfort [, ]. People with disabilities are particularly vulnerable. Globally, 1.3 billion people (16%) have disability, a figure projected to double by the year 2030, with 80% in low‐ and middle‐income countries [, ]. In Iran, estimates range from 1% to 4% of the population []. Iran joined the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disability in 2008, committing to key principles like accessibility, nondiscrimination, and inclusive participation [].