Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review of clinical practice guidelines and recommendations.

Cataract is a major cause of treatable blindness worldwide. Pathogenesis of age‐related cataract is complex, multifactorial, induced by numerous genetic, epigenetic and environmental sources. Molecular mechanisms such as oxidative stress and over‐production of reactive oxygen species have been implicated as underlying causes of cataracts (Fang, Huang, et al., ; Fang, Ye, et al., ; Truscott, ). Although ageing is the leading cause of age‐related cataract, there are multiple factors, such as smoking, diabetes, sunlight exposure (ultraviolet B) and ionizing radiation that are known to be associated with the development of age‐related cataract (Klein et al., ; Schueler & Fetterly, ; Stefek & Karasu, ). Noteworthy, adherence to a healthy diet including vitamins, antioxidants, fruits and vegetables is known to be associated with a lower risk of age‐related cataracts (Zhao et al., ; Zhou et al., ). Epidemiological studies have consistently found that post‐menopausal women have a higher risk of cataract than age‐matched men (Zetterberg & Celojevic, ). It has also been known for decades that the incidence of cataract surgery is higher in older women compared to men of the same age (Lundstrom et al. ; Faranda et al., ). Previous epidemiological studies have shown that the need for cataract surgery is significantly more likely associated with positive histories for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases (Erie et al., ). However, less is known about systemic medications used for the common age‐related systemic diseases. Since long the use of corticosteroids has been established as a risk factor for the development of posterior subcapsular cataract (Urban Jr & Cotlier, ). Associations of other systemic medications, including statins, antihypertensive drugs and antidepressants, have been more controversial. Recently, it was shown that especially tricyclic antidepressants, insulin and some antiarrhythmic agents could be associated with surgically treated cataract (Deng et al., ). That study emphasized the need to evaluate further the role of less known risk factors such as systemic drugs and to intervene on the modifiable risks to decrease the incidence of cataract surgery (Deng et al., ). Another paper showed an association with cortical cataract and the use of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, fibrates, alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors and insulin (Dai et al., ).