Experiences and Perspectives of Perinatal Care for Women of Refugee Background, Interpreters, and Care Providers: A Scoping Review.

Globally, emergency nurses care for undiagnosed and undifferentiated patients of all ages, with varying degrees of clinical urgency and illness or injury severity. Patient history and clinical assessment are the cornerstone of evidence‐based emergency nursing care and underpin interventions, diagnostic tests and care planning. The quality of emergency nursing care is vital to patient outcomes but is often complicated by scant information, nurse‐to‐patient communication difficulties, unpredictable workloads, significant time pressure, and conditions of uncertainty. In low‐ and middle‐income settings, emergency nursing care is further influenced by resource constraints, scope of practice variability and cultural and societal norms. Emergency care is a critical component of health care (World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Committee of the Red Cross ) and optimising assessment and timely recognition and management of acutely ill patients is a World Health Organization priority (World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Committee of the Red Cross ). HIRAID (istory including nfection risk, ed flags, ssessment, nterventions, iagnostics, reassessment and communication) is the only validated framework to support emergency nurses to optimise safety, quality and patient experience of emergency care (Figure ). HIRAID was developed to address unwarranted variability in practice and preventable patient harm in Australian EDs. In high‐fidelity simulation, HIRAID improved the quality of emergency nursing assessment, recognition and escalation of indicators of urgency and frequency of reassessment (Munroe et al. ). In EDs in New South Wales, Australia, nurses considered HIRAID acceptable and appropriate for use (Curtis, Munroe, et al. ), and HIRAID use improved the accuracy of emergency nurses' documentation (Munroe et al. ). HIRAID Emergency Nursing Framework and details of core elements of HIRAID.