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Neighborhood Deprivation and Voice and Reflux Symptom Burden in a Tertiary Laryngology Cohort.

Authors: Stinnett S, Liu SX, Carlson KM, Helou L, Smith L, Maria CS, Mazul AL
Journal: The Laryngoscope
mental health psychology open access

Abstract

The human brain effortlessly imagines coherent scenes—anticipating a partially occluded object, replaying a memory, or inventing a new visual context—without any concurrent sensory input. This generative faculty arises from recurrent circuits in the hippocampus and visual cortex that exchange probabilistic predictions until uncertainty is minimized and a vivid percept emerges [, ]. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) attempt to mimic this process by injecting Gaussian noise into deep generative models [], but their realization on von‐Neumann/CMOS hardware faces two fundamental bottlenecks: (1) the physical separation of memory and computation inflates energy and latency; (2) dozens of transistors are required to approximate a single stochastic neuron, exploding chip area. To address these challenges, emerging spintronic devices offer a promising route to mimic the brain's generative imagination. At the core is a stochastic neuron that produces Gaussian‐distributed noise. Spintronic devices exhibit intrinsic, thermally activated random behavior, providing a physical basis for such Gaussian neurons. Recent works have used skyrmion number or size fluctuations to realize a true random number generator [, , ]. By contrast, approaches that rely on the stochastic switching of a single magnetic tunning junction (MTJ) yield sigmoidal output statistics [, , ], and multi‐MTJ circuit compositions only approximate a Gaussian distribution []; both make it difficult to obtain high‐quality, controllable Gaussian random signals from a single device. Moreover, most spintronic devices require an external magnetic field during spin‐orbit‐torque (SOT) [, ] writing to break symmetry and achieve deterministic switching [, , , , , ]. This approach hinders high‐density neuromorphic integration and the implementation of brain's imagination. Voltage‐controlled magnetic anisotropy offers a field‐free method, but it faces electrical breakdown risk [, ]. The exchange bias of an antiferromagnet provides built‐in symmetry breaking, enabling field‐free switching [, , ]. However, once the device parameters are set, the exchange‐bias field is fixed and lacks tunability. Likewise, exploiting vertical material gradients to generate a nonuniform SOT acting on the magnetic layer can achieve field‐free switching, but it similarly lacks tunable flexibility [, ]. Yet, to date, no single spintronic element has simultaneously delivered (i) deterministic, field‐free writing that eliminates power‐hungry electromagnets, and (ii) programmable, Gaussian‐distributed stochasticity that can serve as both the “neuron” and the “synapse” of a generative network.