Lysophosphatidic acid drives to mirror-image pain via corpus callosum-mediated propagation of inflammatory responses.

Although the incidence of heart failure (HF) has remained relatively stable, the prevalence continues to rise as advances in evidence-based therapies and care prolong survival []. Yet, recurrent hospitalizations remain very frequent, placing a heavy burden on healthcare systems and diminishing patients’ quality of life (QoL) []. Accordingly, preserving or improving health-related QoL is thus a core therapeutic aim in chronic HF care, alongside traditional clinical outcomes [, ]. Contemporary European guidelines recommend that patients with HF participate in a multidisciplinary management program []. Case-management and multidisciplinary approaches, particularly those led by specialist nurses, can reduce mortality and HF readmission rates []. Such programs can be clinic-based, home-based, or hybrid, and may incorporate telemonitoring. To be effective, they should be patient-centered, address comorbid conditions, enhance self-management skills, and be tailored to the resources of the healthcare system and to individual patient needs [, ]. Telemonitoring, for instance, has been shown to sustain care quality, enable timely interventions, and reduce the need for travel and in-person visits [], in particular for patients who live far away from their cardiologist []. In Germany, HF outpatient care is primarily delivered by general practitioners (GPs), although outpatient cardiologists are also a component of the patient care pathway []. Currently, there is no comprehensive nationwide disease management program (DMP) to ensure standardized and coordinated care []. This fragmentation contributes to suboptimal implementation of guideline-recommended treatment, including underuse of evidence-based pharmacotherapy and limited communication across care sectors. Importantly, providing the time-intensive, individualized care that many HF patients require remains a challenge in outpatient practice []. Prior initiatives—such as the Interdisciplinary Network for Heart Failure (INH) study, which evaluated the impact of a nurse-led disease management program on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure [, ], and the Telemedical Interventional Management in Heart Failure II (TIM-HF2) trial, which assessed the effect of a structured remote patient management system on unplanned hospital admissions for cardiovascular reasons and mortality [, ]—demonstrated favorable effects yet underscored the ongoing need for scalable, patient-centered, evidence-based HF care across Germany.