Computed tomography-ultrasonography (US) fusion for percutaneous nephrolithotomy access versus conventional US: A multicentre randomised trial.

Mental disorders, particularly depression and anxiety, significantly impact various dimensions of life, often disrupting daily functioning and overall well-being. Depression is a prevalent and debilitating mental health disorder characterized by a persistently low mood, anhedonia, and a constellation of emotional, cognitive, and somatic symptoms. Globally, depression is estimated to affect approximately 5% of the population, and more than 301 million people are estimated to experience mood or anxiety disorders at some point in their lives. In Iran, the prevalence of depression is rising progressively and is evident across all age groups and diverse geographical regions. Mental disorders have also contributed substantially to the national burden of disease, accounting for 10.3% of all disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2019, an increase from 4.6% in 1990. The rising prevalence of mental disorders has increased interest in identifying modifiable risk factors, particularly dietary factors, that may influence their development. Diet and nutrition are closely linked to mental health, with dietary changes having the potential to influence mental well-being. Coffee and tea, as two of the most widely consumed beverages, have been a focus of recent investigations exploring their relationship with depression and mental health, though findings are inconclusive. For instance, while several studies have reported an inverse association, some others have either reported a positive or a null association. These inconsistencies may stem from methodological differences, cultural variations in beverage consumption, or unmeasured confounding factors. Additionally, patterns of tea and coffee consumption, as well as their preparation, vary considerably across countries and are influenced by cultural, social, and economic factors. In Iran, during recent years, despite a notable shift towards higher coffee drinking compared to the last decades, coffee consumption is much lower than that of Western countries, and tea continues to be the most commonly consumed beverage among Iranians. These factors, in turn, may lead to variations in the health outcomes of these beverages. To date, the majority of studies investigating the association between tea and coffee consumption and mental disorders have been conducted in Western or Southeast Asian populations, and research from the Middle East remains limited. Furthermore, while previous studies have predominantly focused on either tea or coffee, our research examines the individual effects of both beverages on mental disorders. To the best of our knowledge, no study in Iran has specifically investigated the relationship between tea consumption and psychological disorders. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the associations of tea and coffee intake with depression as well as anxiety within the Iranian population. This research was carried out as part of the Nowledge and Practice Of dyslipidemia prevention, management, and control (LIPOKAP) project, which focuses on the knowledge and practices related to the prevention, management, and control of dyslipidemia. The study was conducted across five major cities in Iran between February 2018 and July 2019. The sample included individuals from a diverse range of regions, including Birjand (east), Bandar Abbas (south), Kermanshah (west), and Isfahan and Shahrekord (central Iran). To determine the final sample size in each region, the total population size and the distribution of urban and rural areas within the cities were taken into account. Clusters were then randomly selected from existing healthcare centers. A specific sample size was allocated to each cluster based on its population distribution. Afterward, participants were randomly chosen and invited to take part in the study by trained interviewers. Finally, a total of 2456 adults (18≥) were selected through a stratified multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The exclusion criteria for this study included the presence of systemic diseases or conditions related to dyslipidemia. Additionally, individuals with chronic kidney disease, liver disorders, cancer, immune system abnormalities, or those who exhibited significant under- or overestimation of energy intake (< 800 Kcal/day or > 4200 Kcal/day) were excluded. These exclusion criteria were specifically applied to reduce the potential for reverse causality. Consequently, the final analytical sample consisted of 1994 eligible participants. Informed consent was obtained from all participants in writing prior to their inclusion in the study. The study protocol received approval from the Ethics Committee of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (Protocol No. IR.MUI.RC.1395.4.077). Sociodemographic information, such as age, gender, smoking status, and socioeconomic position (SES), was collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Further details on the study design, participants’ characteristics are provided elsewhe