Identification of distinct HIV reservoir phenotypes and associated immune landscapes.

The transition to parenthood represents a major developmental milestone for both mothers and fathers and requires substantial adaptation to new roles and identities [, ]. According to Mercer’s framework, parental role adaptation involves developing a strong bond with the child, achieving a sense of harmony and competence, and experiencing pleasure and satisfaction in fulfilling caregiving responsibilities and forming a parental identity []. This period involves significant psychological and physical changes that affect both parents []. Given the close link between children’s health and overall family well-being [], supporting parental mental health may benefit both the family unit and the broader community. High-risk pregnancies, such as preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, or other medical conditions, affect approximately 10–15% of gestations globally [] and are associated with heightened stress and depressive symptoms in both expectant mothers and their partners [, ]. These pregnancies often require intensified monitoring, involve uncertainty about outcomes, and impose lifestyle restrictions, which can prolong stress exposure and increase family-level caregiving demands. Women experiencing high-risk pregnancies are more vulnerable to antenatal depression, which can further complicate maternal and fetal outcomes [, ]. Accordingly, high-risk primigravidas and their partners represent a priority population for preventive psychosocial support. Mercer further conceptualizes adaptation as relational and reciprocal within the family context []. Consistent with this perspective, evidence indicates that dyadic coping and partner support can buffer distress and promote adjustment during pregnancy and early parenthood []. Existing dyadic programs have been implemented in multiple formats, including coparenting-focused preventive interventions, couple-based psychotherapy, and father-focused postnatal education programs, with outcomes spanning coparenting, parenting adjustment, partner support, and parental mental health [–]. However, evidence remains limited on whether a structured empowerment-based dyadic program can improve parental role adaptation and reduce depressive symptoms among high-risk primigravidas and their partners, with benefits extending to both mothers and fathers across the early postpartum period.