A pilot study of peripheral magnetic stimulation combined with physical therapy for motor function in early acute stroke survivors with sensory ataxic hemiparesis.

The establishment of a successful pregnancy requires the coordination of two critical processes: embryo development and endometrial differentiation [, ]. The current paradigm of embryo–endometrium interaction during implantation and placentation has primarily focused on the activity and role of the embryo []. This paradigm has been challenged by growing evidence highlighting the cardinal role of decidualizing endometrial cells in reproductive success including they role in embryo biosensoring and selection [, , ]. The decidualization process involves the differentiation of fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells in the uterine stroma into rounded, epithelioid-like cells during the mid-secretory phase of the cycle [, ]. This phase, characterized by elevated levels of estrogen and progesterone, and by the presence of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) surrounding the spiral arteries, occurs independently of the conceptus []. Decidualization is essential for the establishment of a pregnancy, preparing the endometrium hormonally, biochemically, and immunologically in anticipation of embryo implantation [, ]. Failure to achieve adequate decidualization has been linked to implantation failure [], infertility [] and recurrent miscarriages []. A more comprehensive understanding of endometrial regeneration and decidualization is key for uncovering the etiology of these conditions and preventing such disorders. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been actively explored for the study of gynecological and obstetric disorders [, ]. Beyond their therapeutic potential, MSCs may also be important tools for understanding endometrial remodeling through the female life cycle. Emerging evidence suggests that endometrial MSCs (eMSCs) may act as key regulators of decidual competence []. The aim of this review is to synthesize and update the current literature on the role of endometrial- and menstrual-derived MSCs reproductive biology, with a particular focus on preeclampsia (PE) and endometriosis. MSCs are plastic adherent clonogenic cells with a characteristic surface phenotype, that are capable of differentiating into multiple mesodermal lineages, like adipocytes and osteoblast , and chondrocytes []. MSCs can be isolated from different body tissues such as bone marrow, adipose tissue, amniotic fluid, or endometrium []. These cells are recognized as potent tools in regenerative medicine and their characteristics can be slightly different depending on the source of tissue []. Despite sharing core phenotypic markers, MSCs from different sources display a tissue-specific secretome -comprising cytokines, growth factors and extracellular matrix related proteins- that reflect their tissue origin and functional specialization [].