Prevalence of alexithymia and its association with social media addiction among medical students in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study.

In Japan, the proportion of individuals aged 65 years or older is the highest in the world, and the incidence of hip fractures continues to increase with population aging. Although most clinical guidelines recommend osteoporosis treatment, including bisphosphonates, to prevent fragility fractures, previous study have shown that the majority of patients who sustain hip fractures are not receiving osteoporosis treatment at the time of injury. This suggests that many patients are unaware of their fracture risk until the fracture occurs. To prevent subsequent fragility fractures, it is essential to establish a system that enables physicians managing conditions other than osteoporosis, such as spinal disorder, to recognize patients at risk of hip fracture and to recommend appropriate anti-osteoporosis therapy. Ideally, such a system should be simple impose minimal burden on physicians. Several fracture risk assessment tools, including FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool), are currently available. Although FRAX provides a convenient, questionnaire-based method for estimating fracture risk, its predictive accuracy declines with advancing age. Given that most hip fractures occur in individuals older than 80, there is a need for a more effective risk assessment tool specifically tailored to the elderly population. Recently, a new questionnaire-based tool, the Kumamoto-STudy for Osteoporotic-hip fracture Prevention (K-STOP) scoring system, has been developed to assess hip fracture risk in older adults, with or without measurements of serum 25(OH)D levels and bone mineral density. However, this tool does not incorporate lumbar spine radiographic findings.