Foliar application of Aloe vera and date palm extracts as natural biostimulants enhances yield, nutrient status and essential oil of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.).

The health risks associated with smoking, primarily resulting from the long-term inhalation of tobacco smoke containing multiple toxicants, are well established. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) also known as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) provide a nicotine-containing aerosol with significantly fewer and substantially lower levels of toxicants than are found in cigarette smoke, leading to reduced toxicological effects (e.g). As a result, some health authorities support the use of ENDS as an alternative to smoking conventional cigarettes as part of a tobacco harm reduction (THR) strategy, which aims to help those who would not otherwise quit smoking to instead use a less harmful alternative product. The validity of THR is supported by the findings of several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In addition to demonstrating reduced toxicant emissions relative to tobacco cigarettes, it is essential to determine how consumers are using ENDS, since the way in which they are used, such as use frequency and puff duration, will determine a consumer’s actual exposure to toxicants and other constituents of interest. Recently, multi-disciplinary assessment framework approaches, including a 9-step comprehensive scientific weight of evidence evaluation outlined by; have been utilised to establish the reduced risk potential of ENDS and other alternative tobacco and nicotine products when compared to cigarettes. These assessment frameworks comprise of measurements of aerosol emission constituents, consumer use behaviour and exposure, pre-clinical and clinical studies, post-market surveillance and epidemiological modelling. Consumer use behaviour studies measure puffing topography and estimated mouth level exposure (MLE) to nicotine and other aerosol constituents of inhaled nicotine and tobacco products when used by consumers, playing a key role in verifying that consumers use the product in a manner that results in reduced individual exposure relative to combustible cigarettes. Puffing topography is the pattern of behaviour observed when consumers draw on aerosol products and includes parameters such as puff duration, puff volume, interpuff interval (IPI; the time between puffs), flow rate and puff number, which are then used to estimate MLE to aerosol constituents including nicotine. Puffing topography data are also important for informing emissions analyses and hence for regulatory purposes. Currently, standardised laboratory machine puffing regimes (ISO, CORESTA) are used to collect and analyse ENDS aerosol and their use allows comparisons among different studies and products; however, these regimes do not necessarily reflect real-world puffing behaviour. Puffing topography studies help to characterise consumer behaviour and exposure, informing the extent to which current machine puffing regimes are reflective of actual use and enabling better estimates of potential harm.