Innovation research on college students' mental health management system based on internet of things technology.

An unhealthy diet represents one of the main health risk factors, contributing to the global increase in overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable diseases []. The current shift towards poor-quality diet is driven by the substantial availability of processed, often ready-to-eat, nutrient-unbalanced products []. These features are typical of ultra-processed foods and drinks (UPFD), which are known for their excessive content of fat, saturated and trans fatty acids, added sugar, salt, and their low levels of fibre and micronutrients [–]. Different classification systems have been developed to identify UPFD, with NOVA being the most widely used in the literature as well as in reports from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization [, ]. According to the refined NOVA classification, UPFD include “” []. Their consumption has become a worldwide concern, reaching more than 50% of the daily energy intake in some populations []. In Europe, using data from 22 countries, the proportion of energy derived from UPFD varies widely, ranging from 14 to 44% across countries []. In Belgium, where our study was conducted, the most recent food consumption survey revealed that 36% of the diet and 50% of total energy intake were derived from ultra-processed food []. UPFD have been associated with deleterious health outcomes in meta-analyses of longitudinal studies [], and following a dose–response relationship in a recent umbrella review, notably a significant higher risk of mortality, cardiovascular disease, cancer, overweight, obesity and type 2 diabetes []. They have also been identified as a risk factor for gastrointestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases [–]. UPFD encompass a broad range of foods and beverage types, leading to diverse health effects. Among the subcategories, two — namely ‘animal-based products’ and ‘artificially and sugar-sweetened beverages’ — have been significantly associated with increased risks of cancer and cardiometabolic multimorbidity, highlighting the need for further investigation into their specific health impacts [].