Plasma Lidocaine Concentrations During Intravenous Lidocaine Infusion Therapy in the Pediatric Population-A Scoping Review.

Breast cancer is the most diagnosed cancer among women globally and remains a leading cause of mortality in the UK, where one in seven women will be diagnosed during their lifetime [–]. Since its introduction almost four decades ago, the NHS Breast Screening Programme (NHSBSP) has significantly improved early detection and survival. Recent statistics, suggest approximately 98% of women diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer survive at least five years compared with fewer than three in ten diagnosed at stage 4 []. Despite these successes, participation in screening remains unequal. Currently, the UK national average for screening uptake is 70% which is in fact the national target [, ]. However, attendance can vary across and within regions with noticeably lower attendance in ethnically diverse and socioeconomically deprived areas. For example, in Lancashire, Northwest England, where there is a large British Pakistani population, uptake among eligible women is 54–59%, considerably below the national average [, , ]. These disparities mean that women from minoritised communities are more likely to be diagnosed at later stages, contributing to poorer outcomes and perpetuating health inequalities [–]. A substantial body of previous research has identified numerous barriers to screening participation. These include fear of diagnosis, fatalistic beliefs, embarrassment, cultural taboos around cancer, language barriers, and low awareness of breast health [, –]. Additional practical challenges such as lack of transport, childcare, and appointments scheduling further hinder attendance. In response, interventions such as GP endorsement, reminder texts or calls, and targeted health promotion have been tested [–]. Whilst some, like GP endorsement demonstrate promise, many others show inconsistent or limited effectiveness [–].