Variations across Europe in National Guidelines and Clinical Practice Regarding Screening of Cognitive and Emotional Consequences after Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

Eating disorders (EDs) are common and serious mental health conditions. Their main treatments are psychological or nutritional, with medications playing only a limited role []. The etiology of EDs is biopsychosocial, with large genome-wide association studies pointing toward shared and unique metabo-psychiatric origins across ED subtypes []. Even with the best available treatments, only around 50% of those with EDs recover, and 20%–30% develop a chronic and/or disabling illness []. It is unclear how or why some people develop more severe and persistent EDs. Neuroimaging and behavioral studies highlight the importance of habit formation (the process by which contextual stimuli come to drive behavior independently of reward []) in the development and persistence of maladaptive behaviors in anorexia nervosa (AN) [] and binge spectrum disorders (e.g., bulimia nervosa [BN], binge eating disorder [BED]) []. Habit strength also increases with longer illness duration []. Network analyses demonstrate a shift in symptom profiles over time, with cognitive symptoms (over-valuation of weight, shape, and appearance) central in shorter-duration illness (<3 years) and behavioral symptoms (e.g., dietary restriction, compulsive exercise) central in longer-duration illness (≥10 years) [, ]. Although such findings allude to the processes that may shape different ED trajectories, traditional illness and treatment models struggle to capture these fluid and varied illness presentations in mental health []. Clinical staging offers a framework toward better delineating illness progression and severity, defining a continuum of disorder progression from asymptomatic or at-risk states, into early forms of illness, and late-stage, severe, or more persistent illness [, ]. Originating in oncology [, ], established staging models of illness have advanced prevention and early intervention. By clearly defining emerging and early forms of illness and intervening at these stages, progression to more established forms of illness can be delayed or averted [].