How US Youth Use AI Chatbots: Conversation Patterns From Naturalistic Keystroke Observations.

Climate change has emerged as a global pressing phenomenon, with agriculture among the most vulnerable sectors. It leads to events such as floods and droughts, which cause a reduction in global agricultural productivity. Rural women are critical participants in improving food and nutrition security, as they are key players in land management and other resources such as water. However, research conducted in Sub-Saharan African countries shows that male farmers have higher agricultural productivity than females due to unequal access to and control over agricultural inputs. Sub-Saharan Africa ranks sixth globally with an overall gender parity score of 68.0%. The region places fifth in Economic Participation and Opportunity (67.5%), reflecting a 4.8%-point improvement since 2006, and eighth in Educational Attainment (85.6%), up by 5.2% points, largely due to improved enrolment parity. Women surpass men in tertiary enrolment, consistent with global trends. In Political Empowerment, the region ranks fifth with a score of 22.2%; while it initially scored zero for years with a female head of state, this indicator reached 3.2% in 2025. Women now account for 40.2% of ministerial positions and 37.7% of parliamentary seats. This gender inequality reduces rural women’s engagement in household decisions and limits their voice in wider society in Ethiopia. Ethiopia ranks 75th in 2025, improving four places from 2024 with a modest overall improvement of 0.1% points. However, the estimated earned income score declined from 66.2% to 55.7%, reducing the Economic Participation and Opportunity score by 3.4% points. Women face gender-related constraints associated with customary laws that favor men, the absence of equal opportunities, and limited access to production inputs and resources, which lead to reduced agricultural production and productivity. Consequently, women lag behind men due to the persistent gender gap in access to, control over, and use of productive resources and inputs. The substantial gap in access to and control over agricultural inputs and limited engagement in household decision-making also negatively influence women’s potential adaptation to climate change, even though women are key agents in natural resource conservation and coping strategies.