Transition of Care From Pediatric to Adult Services for Patients With Anorectal Malformations: A Qualitative Study.

Type D personality is defined by the co-occurrence of two stable personality traits: negative affectivity and social inhibition. Individuals with Type D personality tend to experience increased negative emotions while simultaneously inhibiting emotional expression in social interactions. This personality construct has been associated with adverse health outcomes in various chronic diseases, particularly through heightened psychological distress and maladaptive coping patterns. Asthma is a heterogeneous chronic inflammatory airway disease characterized by variable respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Psychological factors are increasingly recognized as important determinants of asthma outcomes. Previous research has shown that anxiety and depressive symptoms are more prevalent among individuals with asthma and are associated with poorer disease control, reduced treatment adherence, and worse clinical prognosis. Psychological factors may also influence how patients perceive and report asthma symptoms. A recent review suggested that patients may underestimate or overestimate their asthma symptoms, which may subsequently affect reported asthma control scores. Given that Type D personality is characterized by elevated negative affectivity and emotional distress, it is plausible that these personality traits may influence both psychological symptom burden and symptom perception in asthma.