Two-Time-Point Inflammatory Status Patterns and the Risk of Incident Diabetes: A Cohort Study Based on CHARLS.

Recent research into paranoid ideation in sexual minorities has shown that paranoid ideation is common in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals and that those who present with certain cognitive-affective dispositions, such as intolerance to uncertainty, may be more prone to paranoid ideation, while those who possess adaptive self-schemas, such as identity resilience, are less likely to show paranoid ideation, even when they have dispositions that have been found to be associated with increased paranoid ideation []. However, there is no research into the associations between cognitive-affective dispositions of psychological emptiness and identity loss and paranoid ideation in gay men, and there is limited evidence concerning the role of identity resilience in weakening the associations between these cognitive-affective dispositions and paranoid ideation. The cognitive-affective dispositions of psychological emptiness and identity loss are characterized by the tendency to feel detached from reality and to show feelings of “emptiness” and “fragmentation” [,], which have been linked to the onset of severe psychopathology, such as psychosis [,]. In contrast, identity resilience has been conceptualized as an adaptive self-schema, that is, “a cognitive generalization about the self derived from past experience that organizes and guides the processing of self-related information contained in the individual’s social experiences” []. It is characterized by positive beliefs about the self and about one’s ability to overcome difficulties []. Identity resilience has been found to be negatively associated with depression and anxiety in gay men [] and paranoid ideation in LGB individuals []. Paranoid ideation refers to the elevated mistrust of others and is characterized by beliefs of intentional harm from others that are based on perceived or “real” social threat and defeat, e.g., experiencing discrimination or bullying [,,]. People with paranoid ideation exhibit a tendency to attribute negative intentions to others, as well as hostility toward others as a safety strategy []. Studies show that stigmatized minority groups may be at elevated risk of paranoid ideation, due partly to long-standing exposure to stressors associated with their minority identity []. For instance, Rippy and Newman [] found that perceived religious discrimination was associated with subclinical paranoia in a sample of Muslim Americans. In other words, minoritized individuals may develop a predisposition to anticipate harm from others, leading to (unfounded) beliefs of persecution even in innocuous situations [].