Mediterranean Diet vs. Time-Restricted Eating: Effects on Circadian Rhythm and Appetite Markers in Female Patients with Multiple Sclerosis-A Pilot Study.

The term sepsis originated from the Greek sêpsis (σ’ηψις), which means putrefaction. It was described by Hippocrates as a dangerous and odorous biological impairment that could occur in an organism []. For many years, the plurality of definitions used to characterize a patient with sepsis constituted a significant limitation to its better understanding. The nomenclature used previously, such as septicemia, septic syndrome, or generalized infection, did not provide clarity from both a care and a scientific point of view []. In this context, the international scientific community has refined the terminology and diagnostic criteria for sepsis to try to establish consensus. This standardization has evolved through three main revisions [,,]. The most recent definition of sepsis is life-threatening acute organ dysfunction due to infection []. Despite extensive research, sepsis remains a critical global health crisis. Clinical studies based on the Sepsis-3 definition report an individual mortality rate of approximately 25% [,], but the absolute rate on a global scale is even more alarming. According to the latest Global Burden of Disease estimates, sepsis affects approximately 166 million individuals annually and is responsible for 21.4 million deaths, which is nearly 31.5% of all global mortality [,]. Beyond its clinical toll, sepsis imposes a profound economic burden. Systematic reviews indicate that hospital-related costs vary significantly by region, ranging from €1101 to over €91,000 per patient []. In high-income settings, the average cost per case exceeds US$32,000, and hospital stays typically last twice as long as those for other fatal conditions []. Furthermore, survivors often face post-intensive care syndrome, which is characterized by a higher risk of premature death and severely reduced quality of life [,,]. Collectively, these data position sepsis as one of the most clinically and financially burdensome conditions in modern medicine.