Construction and validation of interpersonal violence in terms of the hot weather scale for university students.

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is highly fatal, with an overall 5-year survival of less than 20% [, ]. Although rare in much of the world, GBC is a leading cause of cancer death in women in some parts of the world, such as southern-central Chile and northeastern India [–]. GBC risk is particularly high in certain subpopulations, such as indigenous populations and Hispanic individuals []. Even in low-risk countries, such as the United States (US), incidence rates are increasing in Black individuals and are projected to continue to increase in Black men and women []. Current treatments are insufficient; newly approved drugs mainly improve intrahepatic bile duct cancer survival, with no impact on GBC [, ]. A concerted effort is needed to improve the understanding of GBC epidemiology and its molecular underpinnings, which could help identify targets for prevention, early detection, and improved therapeutics. The majority of GBC cases are associated with gallstones, approaching 90% of GBC cases in some high-risk areas []. Epidemiological studies have found that gallstones are associated with an increased risk of developing GBC [, ] and that the risk increases with longer duration [–] and larger stone size or volume [, –]. However, only about 1% of people with gallstones develop GBC [], suggesting that additional co-factors are needed to drive progression to GBC after gallstones develop. Other than gallstones, the etiology remains largely unclear, and molecular analyses lag behind.