Polyethylene microplastics exposure reduces flesh quality and disturbs muscle fiber characteristics in freshwater fish (Paramisgurnus dabryanus): associations with gut microbiota alterations.

Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is defined as an impaired oral intake that is not age‐appropriate, and is associated with medical, nutritional, feeding skill, and/or psychosocial dysfunction. Swallowing requires precise coordination of oropharyngeal and esophageal musculature, and disruption at any level may result in oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD), which can present as gastrointestinal, otolaryngological, or pulmonary symptoms. While mucosal and anatomic abnormalities are commonly evaluated, gastrointestinal functional barriers to feeding in young children remain poorly characterized. One study demonstrated a similar prevalence of abnormal endoscopic biopsies in children with persistent feeding problems compared with controls, although the incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) was higher in the feeding‐disorder cohort. Given the multifactorial nature of PFD, early identification of esophageal motility abnormalities is critical; even mild disruptions in distensibility or motor function may drive symptoms and hinder progress with feeding therapies. Patients with PFD routinely undergo esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) to evaluate for eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD); however, EGD does not provide information about esophageal function. High‐resolution manometry (HRM), while informative, is challenging in young children because of catheter size, cooperation requirements, and swallowing demands, resulting in a significant diagnostic gap during early feeding development. The Endoluminal Functional Lumen Imaging Probe (EndoFLIP) is a minimally invasive tool that allows assessment of esophageal motility using a balloon‐mounted catheter placed trans orally at the time of sedated EGD., , The esophagogastric junction distensibility index (EGJ‐DI) reflects how easily a segment of the gastrointestinal tract stretches in response to pressure, with lower values suggesting reduced compliance. Normal EndoFLIP parameters are defined only for adults, with EGJ‐DI > 2.8 mm²/mmHg and EGJ diameter > 18 mm considered normal. No standardized normative data exist for the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) in adults or for either sphincter in children. EndoFLIP is FDA‐approved for children aged ≥ 5 years, and prior studies have demonstrated safety in younger children.,