Illuminating the Future of Catecholamine Detection.

is an anaerobic gram-positive bacillus that has been widely used in Japan as a probiotic preparation under trade names such as “Miya-BM.” Its efficacy in improving intestinal microbiota has been reported in conditions such as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome [, , , , ]. Adverse events associated with probiotic preparations are generally limited to mild gastrointestinal symptoms, and serious complications are rare []. Accordingly, has generally been regarded as a safe probiotic organism. Microorganisms used in probiotic preparations may, in rare circumstances, be isolated from normally sterile sites, including blood cultures. Clinically meaningful bloodstream infection may occur when microorganisms translocate from colonized mucosal surfaces into the circulation, particularly in patients with impaired host defenses or disruption of mucosal barriers. Bloodstream infections associated with other probiotics, including and species, have been reported mainly in immunocompromised patients and those receiving intensive medical interventions [,]. Sporadic cases of patients with isolated from blood cultures have also been reported, although the extent to which these cases are directly related to probiotic exposure often remains uncertain. Clinical data on patients with isolated from blood cultures remain limited, and their clinical presentation, microbiological features, treatment, and outcomes have not been well characterized. Therefore, we retrospectively analyzed patients with isolated from blood cultures at our institution and summarized published cases for descriptive context. We also evaluated the possible association with probiotic exposure while recognizing the limitations of available strain-level evidence.