Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and interleukins: a bibliometric analysis [1999-2025].

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifaceted metabolic disorder driven by genetic and environmental interactions [,]. With global prevalence rising steadily [,], projections estimate 578 million adults will be affected by 2030, increasing to 693 million by 2045 []. Type 2 DM (T2DM) elevates risks for cardiovascular complications and diminishes quality of life []. Notably, the greatest relative increase in prevalence is projected in middle-income countries, with global health expenditures expected to exceed 1 trillion USD by 2045 []. In parallel, China has seen a 56% surge in T2DM cases over the past decade (90 to 140 million) []. Given the urgent need for cost-effective prevention, particularly targeting prediabetes—a reversible precursor to T2DM []—targeted interventions are paramount. Pharmacological management integrates Western medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), with plant-based functional foods offering distinct advantages for chronic use. Beyond conventional phytochemicals [], plant-derived microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a novel cross-kingdom regulatory axis. Seminal work by Zhang et al. established that exogenous plant MIR168a survives digestion, enters circulation, and regulates mammalian gene expression []. Subsequent studies extended this paradigm to edible plant nanoparticles, which modulate inflammation and metabolic disorders across species boundaries []. These bioactive RNAs mediate the health benefits of plant-based diets via cross-kingdom gene regulation []. Xinjiang’s distinct geography yields a wealth of medicinal flora, notably Vitis vinifera. Beyond ethnopharmacology, grape-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (GELNs) have attracted international attention as edible nanoparticles capable of crossing the intestinal mucus barrier and delivering bioactive cargos []. Indigenous cultivars (e.g., Manai and SuoSuo) have served as Uyghur medicinal staples for centuries, supporting hepatobiliary function []. Beyond their rich profile of antioxidants and bioactive metabolites [], grape-derived compounds are known to ameliorate hyperglycemia and dyslipidemia, restore pancreatic islet β-cell function, and modulate cellular proliferation and apoptosis []. However, whether grape-derived miRNAs encapsulated in GELNs contribute to these effects via cross-kingdom regulation remains unknown.