EEG Microstate Alterations in Eyes-Open and Eyes-Closed Resting States Across the Alzheimer's Disease Continuum.

One of the most used analgesics and antipyretics, paracetamol (acetaminophen) has been linked with serious adverse effects, especially when used in high doses []. Although usually safe under recommended dosage, overdose of paracetamol may cause severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity []. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a well-reported complication of paracetamol toxicity, in which the kidney experiences oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular apoptosis leading to renal dysfunction []. Acute and chronic kidney damage caused by paracetamol has been widely researched, and the pathophysiology of nephrotoxicity is usually attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the loss of antioxidant defenses in renal cells []. Although there are therapeutic interventions, the existing pharmacological therapies for kidney damage due to paracetamol are limited in number []. Conventional therapeutic agents like N-acetylcysteine (NAC) offer partial protection and are well known to have side effects, thereby requiring investigation into other treatment options [,,,]. To this end, there has been a lot of interest in the potential of herbal medicine for kidney protection [,]. Many plant-based compounds have been shown to have nephroprotective effects due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, making them a potential candidate as adjunctive therapeutic agents in kidney injury management [,,]. Of these, selenium (Se) has been a promising element because of its well-documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which play a critical role in the reduction in renal damage []. In the nanoparticulate form, selenium has been revealed to be more bioactive than its bulk counterpart. Biosynthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), and specifically those produced by using natural plant extracts, provide benefits over chemically produced nanoparticles, including toxicity and biocompatibility []. In addition, functionalization of SeNPs with natural stabilizers also increases their stability and bioavailability, which makes them a good candidate in renal protection [,].