Transcriptome sequencing and validation of potential biomarkers associated with cognitive impairment after hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage.

The Lipizzans are one of the oldest horse breeds in Europe and represent an important part of European cultural and equestrian heritage. Its history dates back to 1580, when Archduke Charles II established the stud farm in Lipica, located in present‐day Slovenia (Nürnberg ). The founder population consisted of nine stallions and 24 mares imported mainly from Spain, together with several local Karst mares (Dovc et al. ). Later introductions of Neapolitan, Andalusian, Barb, Frederiksborger, Kladruber and Arabian horses further contributed to the genetic background of this baroque horse breed (Clutton‐Brock ; Achmann et al. ). For more than two centuries, breeding of Lipizzan horses was concentrated in a small number of court studs within the Habsburg monarchy, including Lipica, Kladrub and Kopčany, which formed a connected breeding system that shaped the genetic structure of the breed (Zechner et al. ). During the establishment phase of the breed, the first stallion lines and mare families were formed (Grilz‐Seger and Druml ). Today, the Lipizzan breed is based on six classical stallion lines (Pluto, Conversano, Neapolitano, Maestoso, Favory and Siglavy) and 17 maternal family lines that are maintained across several European studs (Achmann et al. ). In addition, an 18th mare family, Rebecca/Thais, was established in Lipica after 1947 (Rus ). Despite historical disruptions caused by wars and political changes, including the evacuation of the Lipica herd during the Napoleonic wars and both World Wars, the population was repeatedly re‐established through exchange of breeding animals among Lipizzan studs (Dovc et al. ). These exchanges were part of the traditional breeding system of the breed, in which classical stallion lines and mare families were maintained. Today, 11 state stud farms in nine European countries manage breeding programmes aimed at preserving this unique genetic resource (Zechner et al. ; Achmann et al. ; Grilz‐Seger, Druml, et al. ). Because the Lipica stud represents the historical nucleus population of the breed, it provides an important reference for studying the genetic diversity and population structure of Lipizzan horses.