Dynamic characterization of pathological and functional deterioration in a mouse model of optic neuritis related to neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.

Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is the most common GI disorder requiring hospitalization[]. Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) describes blood loss from a GI source proximal to the ligament of Treitz, such as the esophagus, stomach, or duodenum, while lower GI bleeding (LGIB) describes a source distal to the ligament of Treitz. The incidence of UGIB is twice as high as that of LGIB in the average population, with an estimated mortality rate of 2–10%[]. Hemosuccus pancreaticus (HP), described as bleeding from the ampulla of Vater via the pancreatic duct, is a rare and life-threatening cause of UGIB. It has a strong male predilection, with an average age of onset between 50 and 60 years old[]. It is commonly found in patients with a known history of acute or chronic pancreatitis. Other less common causes include pancreatic tumors, iatrogenic causes from instrumentation manipulation, infectious conditions, and congenital conditions such as pancreatic divisum[]. There is currently no standard diagnostic protocol or treatment for HP due to the relative rarity of the disease. As it can be a life-threatening condition, once discovered, it is imperative that patients undergo timely resuscitation and management.