Choroidal microcirculation in pediatric craniopharyngioma: postoperative alterations in choroidal thickness.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-type endotoxins are large glycolipids that form a key component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Historically, LPS were termed “endotoxins” to distinguish them from “exotoxins,” as it was originally believed that endotoxins remained within the bacteria until lysis while exotoxins were actively secreted. However, it is now recognized that endotoxins can also be released by bacteria with translocation of LPS to the bloodstream being referred to as endotoxemia. LPS consists of three structural domains: a core oligosaccharide, an O-antigen polysaccharide, and lipid A, the latter being the key bioactive component responsible for immune recognition (), and is a well-established trigger of systemic inflammation. Its toxicity primarily stems from the host's excessive inflammatory response rather than the molecule itself. Depending on the nature and duration of exposure, LPS can lead to a wide spectrum of health consequences ranging in severity. LPS-type endotoxins are large glycolipids that form a key component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS consists of three structural domains: a core oligosaccharide, an O-antigen polysaccharide, and lipid A, the latter being the key bioactive component. Lipid A anchors LPS to the bacterial membrane and is responsible for its potent immunostimulatory effects. Made with BioRender.