Tailored Catalytic Microenvironments Enable Efficient Electrochemical Ammonia Production.

Global stroke lifetime risk rose from 22.8 % in 1990 to 24.9 % in 2016, with stroke becoming a leading mortality cause in China, particularly in rural regions [,]. Its pathogenesis involves complex metabolic dysregulation, with dyslipidemia serving as a key cerebrovascular risk factor [,]. Despite preventive advances, population aging and prevalent vascular risk factors contribute to stroke's persistent burden, emphasizing the need for early risk stratification and intervention []. Traditional lipid parameters such as total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) are established cardiovascular risk assessment tools, with blood lipid levels—as modifiable factors—utilized in primary stroke prevention [,]. Recent research has introduced non-traditional lipid parameters that show nonlinear associations with prediabetes risk and effectively substitute for insulin resistance markers while comprehensively reflecting lipid metabolism's prognostic value [,]. These non-traditional markers—including plasma atherosclerosis index (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), lipoprotein combined index (LCI), remnant cholesterol (RC), and RC/HDL-C ratio—have demonstrated predictive capabilities for various conditions including prediabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression [, , ]. Current investigations predominantly focus on cross-sectional analyses of isolated parameters rather than dynamic longitudinal perspectives. Notably, a prospective cohort study suggested that sustained elevation of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) may predict cardiovascular event risk in populations with dysregulated glucose metabolism [].However, no systematic evaluation had examined how non-traditional lipid parameters dynamically impact stroke risk over time—an approach that could significantly enhance risk stratification and clinical management strategies. The atherogenic interplay between dyslipidemia and chronic inflammation has gained increasing recognition [,]. Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins exert proinflammatory effects from arterial tissues to systemic immune activation. LDL-C promotes endothelial dysfunction through enhanced lipid accumulation, monocyte recruitment, and inflammatory factor activation, creating a low-grade inflammatory state [, , , , ]. Therefore, attenuating both lipoprotein activity and inflammation may be crucial for targeting atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a key inflammatory biomarker, independently predicts cerebrovascular events and stroke recurrence []. While the remnant cholesterol inflammatory index (RCII), which integrates RC and hs-CRP, has emerged as a potential stroke predictor, the combined effects of hs-CRP with non-traditional lipid parameters on stroke risk warrant further exploration []. We hypothesize that novel lipid metabolism-inflammatory composite indices may synergistically drive elevated cerebrovascular event risk.