Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Radiofrequency Ablation for Pancreatic Metastases: Safety and Clinical Outcomes in a Single-Center Case Series.

The growing global demand for sustainable, high-performance energy storage systems has accelerated the development of safer, more efficient electrolyte materials. Conventional liquid electrolytes suffer from several inherent limitations, including leakage, flammability, and low thermal stability, which restrict their application in advanced electrochemical devices. Consequently, polymer electrolytes have emerged as promising alternatives due to their superior safety, mechanical flexibility, and thermal stability [,,]. Among various polymer hosts, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has gained considerable attention as a biopolymer electrolyte matrix owing to its biodegradability, abundance, non-toxicity, and excellent film-forming ability, as well as the presence of functional groups that facilitate ion transport [,,]. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a water-soluble, bio-based polysaccharide derivative characterized by abundant carboxymethyl (–CH–COO) and hydroxyl (–OH) functional groups along its backbone []. These intrinsic properties have positioned CMC as a promising host polymer for advanced functional materials, particularly in electrochemical energy storage []. In the context of growing global demand for safer, more sustainable batteries, the development of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) based on bio-derived polymers, such as CMC, has attracted increasing research attention [,]. reveals several noteworthy trends beyond the overall increase in publication output. Although research on CMC-based polymer electrolytes began in the 1970s, publication activity remained relatively limited for several decades before increasing rapidly after approximately 2015, with the highest annual output recorded in recent years. This sharp growth reflects the increasing research interest in sustainable polymer electrolytes driven by advances in solid-state batteries and bio-based energy storage materials. Geographically, research activity is dominated by China, followed by Malaysia, the United States, and India, demonstrating broad international interest in this area and highlighting particularly strong contributions from Asia. Despite this rapid expansion, studies remain highly diverse in terms of polymer composition, lithium salt selection, functional additives, and performance evaluation methods. Such diversity makes direct comparisons across studies challenging and underscores the need for a systematic review to critically examine the relationships among material design, physicochemical properties, and electrochemical performance.